Rabu, Februari 29, 2012

Belajar Tangga Nada Pentatonik

Posted by Unknown 23.13, under | No comments


Setelah kemarin saya kenalkan chord gitar, sekarang saya akan mengenalkan anda dengan Skala Pentatonik atau Tangga Nada Pentatonik. Skala Pentatonik atau Tangga Nada Pentatonik adalah suatu skala yang terdiri lima nada untuk setiap oktafnya, Penta (lima) dan Tonik (nada), jadi nada pentatonik ini menghilangkan nada ke-4 + nada ke-7 (tipe A) dan nada ke-2 + nada ke-6 (tipe B) dari 8 nada setiap oktafnya.
Diatonik                  (c - d - e - f - g - a - b - c')  = 1 oktaf
Pentatonik tipe A    ( c - d - e - g - a - c' ) tanpa 'f' dan 'b'
Pentatonik tipe B    ( c - e - f - g - b - c' ) tanpa 'd' dan 'a'
Nada pentatonik ini bisa kita temukan pada alat musik tradisional Cina dan Jepang, serta Gamelan dan musik spritual Afrika-Amerika.
Pada Gambar dibawah ini menunjukan skala nada pentatonik dengan nada dasar ‘A’ yang dilambangkan dengan gambar lingkaran yang berwarna merah.

Note : Harap di perhatikan posisi kolom frets nya …

Skala Pentatonic 1



Skala Pentatonic 2


Skala Pentatonic 3


Skala Pentatonic 4


Skala Pentatonic 5 (lower octave)


Skala Pentatonic 5 (higher octave)




Oke, Coba anda lakukan sendiri,.,. ^_^

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Belajar Mengenal Chord, kord, Kunci Gitar Bag 2

Posted by Unknown 22.03, under | No comments


Pada Kesempatan ini saya akan melanjutkan membahas mengenai chord gitar dan agak lebih dalam, tetapi masih dalam ruang lingkup pengetahuan dasar untuk belajar main gitar. Sebelumnya kita sudah belajar mengenal chord gitar untuk jenis Mayor dan Minor secara garis besar di session Belajar Mengenal Chord atau Kunci Gitar.

Nah sekarang kita coba membahas tentang perbedaan Chord gitar (mayor dan minor), tapi sebelumya mari kita bahas tentang apa sih chord itu? Chord adalah suatu susunan beberapa nada yang dibentuk menjadi satu, bisa terdiri atas dua atau lebih nada.Jadi disini nada dasar yang tadinya terdiri dari A-B-C-D-E-F-G dikombinasikan seperti C-E-G (Di tekan secara bersamaan) sehingga membentuk suatu kestabilan nada yang harmonis, nah itulah yang dinamakan chord.

Chord ini menurut teori terbagi atas beberapa jenis :

·         Triad
·         Seventh
·         Extended
·         Added

Nah untuk kesempatan kita coba membahas tentang jenis triad saja, yaitu Major dan Minor.

Triad merupakan tipe kord yang paling umum digunakan terdiri dari tiga rangkaian nada, kalau di nomorin  kurang lebih seperti ini 1-3-5. Triad itu sendiri terbagi lagi menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu :

·         Major/Mayor
·         Minor
·         Augmented
·         Diminished
·         Suspended

Mayor atau Major Merupakan tiga rangkaian nada yang paling dasar, triad mayor terdiri dari nada 1-3-5 yang merupakan dari sebuah skala. Sebagai contoh, untuk C mayor terdiri dari nada C, E, dan G.


Seperti gambar diatas untuk C mayor terdiri dari 1-3-5 atau C (1st atau root), E (3rd) dan G (5th).  Jarak dari satu note ke yang lain disebut interval. Misalnya Jarak dari C ke E disebut 3rd. Jarak dari C ke G disebut 5th.

Nah jika kita ingin membuat kord C minor intervalnya agak berubah untuk langkah 3rd berubah menjadi Eb (3rds), lihat gambar di bawah :


Jadi perbedaan antara mayor dan minor terletak di ;

Untuk Mayor 3 = 2 langkah
Untuk Minor 3 = 1 ½ langkah

Oke, Sekarang kalian bisa mencobanya sendiri......



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Belajar Mengenal Chord, kord, Kunci Gitar Bag 1

Posted by Unknown 21.52, under | No comments


                So, kita lanjut lagi bermain gitarnya. Dan sekarang saya akan mengenal chord atau sering juga disebut dengan Kord atau kunci gitar kita untuk bagian  pertama ...! Mari Kita mulai dengan.... mengenal .. mereka...
1.       STANDART CHORD ATAU KORD STANDART (MAJOR)



2.       STANDART CHORD ATAU KORD STANDART (MINOR)



3.       BAR CHORDS / KORD BALOK




Chord balok ini untuk awal emang kelihatannya lebih rumit dan memang untuk latihannya memang memerlukan waktu khusus, akan tetapi apabila Anda telah menguasainya untuk bermain gitar itu akan terasa lebih mudah, beberapa keuntungannya yaitu :
•           Perpindahan dari satu chord yang lain lebih mudah kadang hanya cukup di slide (geser) saja
•           Perpindahan dari kord minor ke major atau sebaliknya lebih mudah cukup melepaskan/los atau menekan  jari kita di senar
•           Apabila kita ingin meraba atau menerka suatu perpindahan nada akan lebih gampang
Mulailah belajar dan berlatih dari mengenal chord gitar yang simple-simple dulu dengan perlahan-lahan ...

Selamat Mencoba ^_^


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Tips Belajar Gitar Secara Otodidak

Posted by Unknown 21.37, under | No comments


Setelah sebelumnya saya memberi tips bermain gitar bagi pemula, sekarang saya akan memberi tips cepat belajar gitar otodidak. Karena lebih baik kita belajar otodidak untuk menghemat uang saku kita. Berikut tipsnya :

1. Mengenal Jenis Musik. Pada tahap awal in, Anda hanya diharapkan dapat mengenal jenis musik terlebih dahulu. Baik itu jenis musik rock-balad, pop-balad maupun alternatif. Mengapa Balad dan alternatif, karena 2 jenis musik ini dominan menggunakan instrumen gitar dalam penyajiannya. Sehingga diharapkan anda lebih terfokus mengenal nada-nada yang dihasilkan instrumen gitar, karena berlatih dengan menggunakan lagu akan lebih cepat dibandingkan anda menghafal chord demi chord. Lagu-lagu balad yang sering digunakan oleh pemula dalam belajar gitar seperti Love of a Livetime (Fire House), Children Cry (White Lion) ataupun Love Of My Life (Extreme). Karena selain lagunya bagus, akan terdengar expert walau sebenarnya sederhana dalam memainkannya.

2. Memiliki Gitar. Memiliki gitar memang bukan merupakan hal yang wajib, namun sangat berpengaruh terhadap akselerasi Anda dalam menguasai instrumen ini. Ada beberapa jenis gitar yang perlu anda kenal yaitu : gitar nylon, string dan electric. Untuk tahap belajar, Anda lebih baik memilih gitar dengan tipe nylon, karena selain ringan dipetik, jari-jari tidak terlalu terluka (berkapal) ketika jari anda membuat chord. Gitar Nylon juga digunakan dasar untuk berlatih musik klasik, jadi bagi anda yang kemudian tertarik untuk menekuni gitar klasik, hal ini akan sangat menguntungkan


3. Mengenal Chord Dasar. Pada tahap ini, anda sudah mulai malakukan pengenalan awal teknik bermain gitar dengan mempelajari kunci-kunci dasar yang mudah diterapkan seperti Am, Em, G, C atau F. Setelah lancar menghafal dan berpindah dari satu chord ke chord yang lain, tingkatkan pemahaman chord anda dengan chord-chord lain yang lebih sulit. Berikut ini beberapa chord yang bisa anda pelajari:



Keterangan : Huruf di atas merupakan nama chord gitar. Garis vertikal merupakan senar gitar. Garsi horisontal merupakan fret (kolom) pada gitar. Titik bulat hitang angka 1=jari telunjuk, angka 2=jari tengah, angka 3=jari manis, angka 4=jari kelingking. Tanda silang menunjukan bahwa senar gitar tidak dipetik/dibunyikan



4. Mengenal Memetik dan Menggenjreng. Dua jenis cara memainkan gitar ini sebaiknya anda ketahui. Menggenjreng lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan memetik. Karena memetik membutuhkan koordinasi khusus antara tangan kanan dan tangan kiri anda. Mulailah dengan petikan teratur dari atas ke bawah, bawah ke atas dan kombinasi keduanya, dengan ketentuan satu senar satu jari.

5. Mempelajari Nada Sebuah Lagu. Yang dimaksud mempelajari nada adalah mencari chord untuk nada-nada pada lagu. Hal ini berguna untuk melatih filling anda terhadap suatu nada. Mekanisme yang paling sederhana adalah dengan memutar lagu berformat mp3/mp4 dengan Jet Audio atau Winamp. Dengan tools ini musik bisa dipelankan, di-pause bahkan diputar balik, tanpa merusak pita seperti halnya kalau Anda menggunakan cassette. Untuk memudahakan pemahaman anda dalam mengenal lagu, ada Aturan dasar bakunya bahwa secara umum lagu hanya terdiri atas : Intro_01-Intro_02-Chorus-Reff-Intro_02-Chorus-Reff-Melody-Reff. Dimana masing-masing bagian memiliki kumpulan chord yang sama.

6. Mencari Guru Gitar. Guru gitar yang dimaksud dapat berupa seseorang/teman yang lebih ahli dari anda ataupun video berlatih gitar. Hal ini akan memacu anda untuk bisa seperti guru anda bahkan melebihi.

7. Tekun. Kunci dari semuanya adalah tekun. Karena Steve Vai, salah seorang dewa gitar, pernah berkata, “untuk bermain dgn sangat cepat, mulailah dgn yg sangat lambat...“. Mekanisme yang perlu Anda lakukan hanyalah berlatih Fingering atau senam jari secara teratur, berlatih berpindah chord maupun berlatih melodi.


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Tips Bermain Gitar Bagi Pemula

Posted by Unknown 20.28, under | No comments


Gitar adalah sebuah alat musik yang sangat merdu jika dimainkan oleh seseorang yang ahli bermain gitar entah itu Gitar electric atau gitar akustik. Belajar bermain gitar memang butuh sebuah kesabaran dan tidak bisa langsung menjadi mahir tanpa latihan awal bermain gitar yang baik.

Jika anda berniat untuk mempelajari tehnik bermain gitar secara otodidak, sebaiknya pilih materi pelajaran bermain gitar yang mudah atau bermain gitar untuk pemula dengan mempelajari kord dasar yaitu kord A-G. Setelah mampu menghafal kord-kord dasar dari gitar dan bisa berpindah dari kord satu ke kord satunya maka kord gitar selanjutnya akan semakin mudah untuk dipraktekkan. Jangan malu untuk bertanya pada rekan yang sudah mahir memainkan gitar.



Langkah awal agar menjadi seseorang yang mahir bermain gitar adalah pandai memainkan kord-kord gitar dari kord standar hingga kord kombinasi yang susah dipraktekkan tanpa latihan yang rutin dan juga adanya senam jari yang mendukung sempurnanya penerapan dari kord-kord gitar yang ada.

Selain itu Untuk bermain gitar anda harus siap merasa agak sakit pada ujung jari kiri anda, karena akan digunakan untuk menekan senar untuk membuat formasi kunci gitar. Terkadang harus membuat ujung jari kita menjadi kapalan maupun melendung baik jari di tangan kiri maupun kanan. Untuk mendapatkan sesuatu anda memang harus mengorbankan sesuatu, itu adalah hukum kimia dan ekonomi yang wajar dan normal.

Jika anda berencana untuk kursus sebaiknya anda jangan ikut kursus sebelum menguasai tehnik dasar tempo lagu, kunci dasar gitar dan kocokan gonjreng pada gitar. Jika anda belum menguasai hal itu anda hanya akan memperlama masa kursus anda yang akan menghabiskan uang.

Untuk menghemat biaya anda bisa belajar pada teman, saudara atau tetangga yang anda kenal baik dan bisa barmain gitar. Jika tidak ada yang bisa bermain gitar maka anda harus belajar otodidak alias belajar sendiri.

Yang diperlukan untuk belajar gitar dasar sendirian :
- Gitar apa saja boleh kopong dan boleh lisrik
- Buku atau majalah lagu-lagu yang ada kunci gitarnya beserta petunjuk kunci gitar
- Kaset, CD atau MP3 lagu yang ada di buku lagu
- Kemampuan stem atau menyetem gitar

Untuk memulai latihan anda harus menyetem gitar anda terlebih dahulu agar suara 6 senar gitar bisa harmonis dan tepat. Jika tidak distem maka anda tidak akan bisa belajar, karena suaranya tidak mungkin pas. Untuk stem gitar anda bisa minta tolong orang lain atau stem sendiri dengan insting. Untuk masalah stem gitar anda bisa mencari buku panduan bermain gitar di toko buku.

Jika anda mau stem sendiri, maka caranya adalah dengan menyamakan fret ke 5 suatu senar dengan satu senar setingkat di bawahnya pada fret 0. Kecuali pada senar ketiga dari bawah yang barus distem pada fret ke 4 dengan fret 0 di senar kedua dari bawah. Anda harus menggunakan filing anda apakah suara suatu fret dengan fret di bawahnya sudah sama suaranya. Jika tidak sama putar-putar pengendali tegangan senar pada ujung gitar sampai pas.

Jika sudah OK, maka selanjutnya anda tinggal mencoba gonjreng pada kunci standar sampai jari anda anda terbiasa dengan posisi masing-masing kunci. Kemudian coba buka buku lagu-lagu yang ada kunci gitarnya, lalu coba ikuti perubahan dari kunci ke kunci dengan tempo yang sesuai dengan aslinya sebisa mungkin berdasarkan filing anda.

Jika sudah bisa maka anda bisa mencoba bermain bareng dengan suara kaset atau lagu yang sebenarnya. Namun syaratnya adalah steman pada gitar anda sesuai dengan steman yang ada di kaset dan kunci lagu yang ada di buku atau majalah juga benar sesuai dengan yang di kaset dan gitar anda. Selamat mencoba.

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Free Download WinRAR

Posted by Unknown 09.08, under | No comments




WinRAR is one of the most popular applications for creating file archives. With the use of this application, we can compress all kinds of data – photographs, music, videos, pictures, executable files, documents, and so on – thanks to what we can save much of the hard disk space – even up to 30%, which is a great solution in many cases. WinRAR recognizes almost all of the archive formats, so it can handle also formats created with other such applications. It allows us also to compress files into many formats. Moreover, it is equipped with a special mechanism for encrypting files, so we can protect our archives with a password, thanks to what we can be sure that no unauthorized person will get to out files. Moreover, with this application we can send our archives to a FTP server, or send them as an e-mail attachment to other users. The latest version of WinRAR allows us also to extract files from a disc image (and ISO file), and it can compress files to formats typical of Blu-Ray discs. All this makes WinRAR one of the most functional applications of this kind. This is a simple application, so everyone will be able to use it without any problems. Just in case, the producer equipped this application with a simple tutorial, so that everyone can be able to use this application and deal on their own with any possible problems, though there should not be any.

WinRAR is a 32-bit / 64-bit Windows version of RAR Archiver, the powerful archiver and archive manager. WinRAR's main features are very strong general and multimedia compression, solid compression, archive protection from damage, processing of ZIP and other non-RAR archives, scanning archives for viruses, programmable self-extracting archives(SFX), authenticity verification, NTFS and Unicode support, strong AES encryption, support of multivolume archives, command line and graphical interface, drag-and-drop facility, wizard interface, theme support, folder tree panel, multithread support and Windows x64 shell integration. WinRAR provides complete support for RAR and ZIP archives and is able to unpack and convert CAB, ARJ, LZH, TAR, GZ, ACE, UUE, BZ2, JAR, ISO, Z, 7-Zip archives. WinRAR is available in over 40 languages.



What's new in version 4.11

Version 4.11 can create ZIP archives of practically any size; can create multivolume ZIP archives, which are also known as split ZIP files; adds the high precision file time support in ZIP archives; adds support for Unicode names stored in ZIP extra field data; supports "Synchronize archive contents" option; includes modifications of switch -ag behavior; includes changes in volume size input field and in "Predefined sizes" in "Define volume sizes" dialog; features new "Wipe files if password is set" option in "Options" page of archiving dialog.


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Selasa, Februari 28, 2012

Aplikasi Pengusir Nyamuk

Posted by Unknown 21.07, under | No comments


Uhh ,..,,. Malam-malam banyak sekali nyamuk nakal ini. Bentol-bentol semua ini badan.Kalau sudah kayak gini pasti anda membakar obat nyamuk untuk mengusir nyamuk-nyamuk itu. Padahal itu sangat tidak baik untuk kesehatan. Di jaman yang modern ini. IPTEK semakin maju terus. Tidak perlu risau .Sekarang saya akan update Instalasi Pengusir Nyamuk yang bisa anda install di laptop kesayangan anda. Jadi, kesehatan anda tidak terganggu dan hemat biaya pula. Jika anda penasaran Dwonload aja di bawah ini. :-)



            Download Instalasi PengusirNyamuk

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Download Software Bermain Piano

Posted by Unknown 21.01, under | No comments

Anda suka bermain piano??? Pasti anda biasanya bermain piano yang besar. Tapi pernah kah anda mendengar bermain piano di laptop jinjing anda?? Pasti anda sedikit tidak percaya. Nah, sekarang saya akan membahas software untuk bermain piano di laptop anda. ini software tidak terlalu berat untuk di install di laptop anda. Jika anda penasaran, Download langsung saja dibawah ini.







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Psycholinguistics : Language And The Brain

Posted by Unknown 16.09, under | No comments



1. Brain Structure and Function

Handedness (left or right-handed) is directly related to the structure and development of the brain. From the top of the spine upwards are the medulla oblongata, the pons Varolii, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex (cerebrum) in that order. The cerebral cortex is characterized by a division into halves, termed hemispheres, which are connected by tissue called the corpus collosum. It is not evident exactly how important the actual size and weight of the brain are, perhaps the ratio of brain to body size and weight which is important. Size of the brain alone is not the crucial factor which would explain human language and non-human lack of language. Structural differences must exist which account for intelligence, language and other highly cognitive functioning.

2. Hemispheric Dominance and Lateralization

The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, including the right hand, the right arm and the right side of the face, while the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body. For right-handed persons, the left hemisphere generally dominate the right hemisphere, with the result that those people tend to prefer their right hands. The majority have left-brain dominance but their dominance is much less marked than in naturally right-handed persons. This lack of strong dominance for left-handers is believed to be a factor contributing to speaking problems and to various reading and writing dysfunctions, such as reversal of letters and words when reading and writing. Also, some studies suggest that there are differences between the brains of males and females. Females normally have a thicker left hemisphere (one specialization of which involves general sensory functions) and males have a thicker right hemisphere (one specialization of which involves visual-spacial functions).

Language, logical and analytical operations, and higher mathematics, for example, generally occur in the left hemisphere of the brain, while the right hemisphere is superior at recognizing emotions, recognizing faces and taking in the structures of things globally without analysis. This separation of structure and function in the hemispheres is technically referred to as lateralization : incoming experiences are received by the left or right hemisphere depending on the nature of those experiences, be they speech, faces or sensations of touch. Associated with lateralization is what might be termed ‘earedness’, where right-handed persons with lateralization for language in the left hemisphere will perceive more readily speech sounds through the right ear than the left.

The main language centers in the left hemispheres are Broca’s area, in the front part of the brain, Wernike’s area, towards the back, and the angular gyrus, which is even further back. Broca’s area and Wernike’s area are connected by tissue (the arcuate fasciculus). These areas are not found in the right hemisphere. Generally, only the left hemisphere is used for speaking and writing.

3. Language Areas and Functioning

Language areas :

1. The front part of the parietal lobe, along the fissure of Rolando, is primarily involved in the processing of sensation, and may be connected with the speech and auditory areas at a deeper level.

2. The area in front of the fissure of Rolando is mainly involved in motor functioning, and is thus relevant to the study of speaking and writing.

3. An area in the upper back part of the temporal lobe, extending upwards into the parietal lobe, plays a major part in the comprehension of speech. This is ‘Wernicke’s area’.

4. In the upper part of temporal lobe is the main area involved in auditory reception, known as ‘Heschl’s gyri’, after the Austrian pathologist R.L. Heschl (1824-1881).

5. The lower back part of the frontal lobe is primarily involved in the encoding of speech. This is ‘Brocha’s area’.

6. Another area towards the back of the frontal lobe may be involved in the motor control of writing. It is known as ‘Exner’s centre’, after the German neurologist Sigmund Exner (1846-1926).

7. Part of the left parietal region, close to Wernicke’s area, is involved with the control of manual singing.

8. The area at the back of the occipital lobe is used mainly for the processing of visual input.

Wernicke observed that Broca’s area was near that part of the brain which involves the muscles which control speech while the area which he identified, later called Wernicke’s area, was near the part of the brain which receives auditory stimuli. Based on these observations, Wernicke hypothesized that the two areas must in some way be connected. Later research showed that they are indeed connected, being connected by the arcuate fasciculus.

Some of the neural pathways that are considered to be involved in the processing of spoken language.

1. Speech production. The basic structure of the utterance is thought to be generated in Wernicle’s area and is sent to Broca’s area for encoding. The motor programme is then passed on to the adjacent motor area, which governs the articulatory organs.

2. Reading aloud. The written form is first received by the visual cortex, then transmitted via the angular gyrus to Wernicle’s area, where it is thought to be associated with the auditory representation. The utterance structure is then sent on to Broca’s area.

3. Speech comprehension. The signals arrive in the auditory cortex from the ear, and are transferred to the adjacent Wernicle’s area, where they are interpreted.

Although most language processes occur in Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus, some language functioning does occur elsewhere in the left hemisphere, and some even occurs in the right ‘non-language’ hemisphere.

4. Brain Maturation and Critical Age for Learning Language

Five years could not be a critical age because it is a commonplace observation that children learn a second language easily until about 12 years of age and that almost everyone can learn some or most of a second language after that age. Children are generally better than adults at acquiring native-speaker pronunciation in a second language.

5. Language Disorders

Language disorders, known as aphasias, are presumed to have as their cause some form of damage to some specific site in the hemisphere where language is located. Such damage causes characteristic problems in spontaneous speech, as well as in the understanding of speech and writing.

5.1. Broca’s Aphasia

Broca’s aphasia is characterized by meaningful but shortened speech and also occurs in writing. There is a loss of syntactic knowledge in both speech production and understanding for those with Broca’s aphasia. Interestingly, people with Broca’s aphasia can often sing very well, even using the same words and structures which they are unable to utter in conversation.

5.2. Wernicke’s Aphasia

This condition is characterized by speech with often resembles what is called nonsense speech or double-talk. It sounds right and is grammatical but it is meaningless. It can seem so normal that the listener thinks that he or she has, as is often the case in ordinary conversation, somehow misheard what was said and therefore did not understand it. Patients with Wernicke’s aphasia also commonly provide substitute words for the proper ones on the basis of similar sounds, associations or other features.

5.3. Other Speech-related Aphasias

Damage to the area which leads into wernicke’s area from the auditory cortex may result in pure word deafness, where one cannot recognize the sounds of words as speech but can hear other types of sounds. A condition known as conduction aphasia is characterized by a poor ability to repeat words despite relatively good comprehension. Anomic aphasia involves problem in finding the proper words for spontaneous speech, even though language comprehension and repetition are good. Apraxia is inability to respond appropriately to verbal commands. Global aphasia is a terrible condition in which many or all aspects of language are severely affected, presumably due to massive damage at numerous sites in the left hemisphere or to critical connections between language areas.

5.4. Reading and Writing Aphasias : Dyslexias

The type of aphasia which involves disorders in reading and writing is called dyslexia. It may be subdivided into two basic categories: alexia, which involves disorders in reading, and agraphia, which involves disorders in writing.

5.5. Localism and Holism

The localist model is the particular model of looking at the structure and function of language by relating specific aspects of language to certain localized areas of the brain. Although it is true that certain areas of the brain are involved in language, it is also necessary to take into account holistic or global brain phenomena in order to understand the effect on language of broader psychological factors, such as attention span, motivation, alertness, the rate at which auditory and visual memory traces dissipate, etc. A holistic type of model does just this.

5.6. Sign Language Aphasia

Native signers of American Sign Language who have suffered trauma such as a stroke (cerebral infarction) to the left hemisphere will produce sign language equivalents of Broca’s aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasia. Signers who have suffered damage to the right hemisphere generally do not display aphasia symptoms in the production of signs.

6. Methods of Investigating Brain and Language

6.1. Established Methods: Post-mortem, Injured People, Electrical Stimulation

The oldest method, that used by Broca himself, is the post-mortem examination of the brain of patients who had displayed language disorders while they were alive. A person might require—because of an accident or a tumour for example—the removal of a lobe of the brain (lobectomy) or even of an entire hemisphere (hemispherectomy). A more recent method, pioneered by Penfield in the 1950s, involves the electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex in patients who are conscious during brain surgery (electroencephalography).

6.2. New High-Tech Methods: CAT and PET

CT (best known as CAT, Computerized Axial Tomography) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) are the most widely used in this regard. A CAT scan involves using an X-ray source so as to make numerous slice scans, the images of which are integrated by computer to construct an image of the whole brain or portion of it. The PET procedure involves injecting a mildly radioactive substance into the blood and then tracing the blood flow patterns within the brain by means of special detectors surrounding the person’s head.

The New York Times News Service reported that, by means of PET:

1. The brain distributes language processing over a few or many cerebral areas. According to researcher George Ojemann, many additional areas of the brain, besides Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, are involved in language.

2. Second languages are rather loosely organized in the brain. A second language can even be localized in the right hemisphere.

7. Mind and Brain

Without brain, there would be no mind. Is there a perfect correlation between a person’s experiences and the events which take place in the brain? While there is strong evidence of a general dependence of mental occurrences on the functioning of the brain, it has never been shown that the correspondence is so exact that from observation of a person’s brain one could arrive at a knowledge of the person’s experiences in every detail.

Are events in the mind wholly determined by other events? The determinism of events can be physical or it can be mental, or both, depending on whether one takes a dualist or monist view of the universe.


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Senin, Februari 27, 2012

Collection of Narrative paragraphs, Descriptive and Expository

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Narrative paragraph
Momotaro
Once upon a time, there lived in Japan a peasant and his wife. They were sad couple because they had no children. They kept praying to their god pleading to give them a child.


While cutting wood by a stream one day, the man saw a large peach floating on the water. He ran to pick it up. His wife was excited because she had never seen such a large peach before. They were about to cut the peach when they heard a voice from inside.


The couples were surprised to do anything. The peach then cracked open, and there was a beautiful baby inside. The couples were very happy, of course. They named the baby Momotaro, which meant ‘peach boy’.
Momotaro grew up to be clever, courage young man. His parents loved him very much.


One day, Momotaro told his parents hat he was going to fight the pirates who always attacked their village. These pirates lived on an island a few kilometers away. Momotaro’s mother packed his food, and his father gave him a sword. Having blessed Momotaro, they sent him off on his journey.


Sailing on his boat, Momotaro met an eagle going in the same direction. They became good friends; soon, both of them arrived on the island of the pirates.


Momotaro drew out the sacred sword his father had given him and began to fight the pirates. The eagle flew over the thieves’ heads, pecking at their eyes. Finally, the pirates were defeated.


Momotaro brought home all the goods that pirates had stolen. His parents were proud of him, and they were overjoyed at his victory and save return.





 The Old Woman and The Sparrow

Once upon a time, there lived a kind hearted man and his wife. One morning, his wife found a poor little sparrow. She took it gently and fed it. To show its gratitude, the sparrow stayed with them and sang every morning. But there was an ill-tempered old woman who didn't like the sparrow. She cut the sparrow's tongue. That's why the bird flew away to its previous nest.

Knowing that their sparrow flew away, the kind man and his wife looked for the sparrow. They walked a long way, crossed the bridges, climbed the mountains and passed the woods.

At last, they could find the sparrow's nest. The sparrow welcomed them and provided a feast for them. Before they went home, the sparrow brought two baskets; one was large and looked heavy, and the other one was small and light. The sparrow asked them to choose only one. They chose the small and that was the best choice. There were many rolls of silk and piles of gold in it.

Being jealous, the ill-tempered old woman did the same thing as the kind man and his wife did. She chose the big basket which actually contained wasps and venomous crawlers, such as scorpions, centipedes, and other horrible creatures. Finally, aaathey stung and bit her to death





The Boy who cried “Wolf”

There was once a shepherd-boy who kept his flock at a little distance from the village. Once he thought he would play a trick on the villagers and have some fun at their expense. So he ran toward the village crying out, with all his might,

“Wolf! Wolf! Come and help! The wolves are at my lambs!”

The kind villagers left their work and ran to the field to help him. But when they got there the boy laughed at them for their pains; there was no wolf there.

Still another day the boy tried the same trick, and the villagers came running to help and got laughed at again. Then one day a wolf did break into the fold and began killing the lambs. In great fright, the boy ran for help. 
“Wolf! Wolf!” he screamed. “There is a wolf in the flock! Help!”

The villagers heard him, but they thought it was another mean trick; no one paid the least attention, or went near him. And the shepherd-boy lost all his sheep.


Father Eyes

Once in a city, there was a skinny young boy who loved football with all his heart. Practice after practice, he eagerly gave everything he had. But being half the size of the other boys, he got absolutely nowhere. At all the games, this hopeful athlete sat on the bench and hardly ever played. This teenager lived alone with his father, and the two of them had a very special relationship.

Even though the son was always on the bench, his father was always in the stands cheering. He never missed a game. This young man was still the smallest of the class when he entered high school. But his father continued to encourage him but also made it very clear that he did not have to play football if he didn't want to. But the young man loved football and decided to hang in there. He was determined to try his best at every practice, and perhaps he'd get to play when he became a senior.

All through high school he never missed a practice nor a game but remained a bench-warmer all four years. His faithful father was always in the stands, always with words of encouragement for him.

When the young man went to college, he decided to try out for the football team as a "walk-on." Everyone was sure he could never make the cut, but he did. The coach admitted that he kept him on the roster because he always puts his heart and soul to every practice, and at the same time, provided the other members with the spirit and hustle they badly needed.

The news that he had survived the cut thrilled him so much that he rushed to the nearest phone and called his father. His father shared his excitement and was sent season tickets for all the college games. This persistent young athlete never missed practice during his four years at college, but he never got to play in a game.

It was the end of his senior football season, and as he trotted onto the practice field shortly before the big playoff game, the coach met him with a telegram. The young man read the telegram and he became deathly silent.

Swallowing hard, he mumbled to the coach, "My father died this morning. Is it all right if I miss practice today?" The coach put his arm gently around his shoulder and said, "Take the rest of the week off, son. And don't even plan to come back to the game on Saturday."

Saturday arrived, and the game was not going well. In the third quarter, when the team was ten points behind, a silent young man quietly slipped into the empty locker room and put on his football gear. As he ran onto the sidelines, the coach and his players were astounded to see their faithful teammate back so soon. "Coach, please let me play. I've just got to play today," said the young man. The coach pretended not to hear him. There was no way he wanted is worst player in this close playoff game.
But the young man persisted, and finally feeling sorry for the kid, the coach gave in. "All right," he said. "You can go in." Before long, the coach, the players and everyone in the stands could not believe their eyes. This little unknown, who had never played before was doing everything right. The opposing team could not stop him. He ran, he passed, blocked, and tackled like a star.

His team began to triumph. The score was soon tied. In the closing seconds of the game, this kid intercepted a pass and ran all the way for the winning touchdown. The fans broke loose. His teammates hoisted him onto their shoulders. Such cheering you never heard.

Finally, after the stands had emptied and the team had showered and left the locker room, the coach noticed that this young man was sitting quietly in the corner all alone. The coach came to him and said, "Kid, I can't believe it. You were fantastic! Tell me what got into you? How did you do it?"

He looked at the coach, with tears in his eyes, and said, "Well, you knew my dad died, but did you know that my dad was blind?" The young man swallowed hard and forced a smile, "Dad came to all my games, but today was the first time he could see me play, and I wanted to show him I could do it!".


The Purse of Gold

A beggar found a leather purse that someone had dropped in a market place. Opening it, he discovered that it contained 100 pieces of gold. Then he heard a merchant shouted, "A reward! A reaward to the one who find my leather purse!"

Being an honest man, the beggar came forward and handed the purse to the merchant saying, "Here is your purse. Will you keep your word to give a reward now?"

"Reward?" scoffed the merchant greedily counting the amount of gold. "The purse I dropped had 200 pieces of gold in it. You've already stolen more than the reward I'll give to you.! Go away or I'll tell you to the police."

"I'm an honest man," said the beggar defiantly. "Let's take this matter to the court!" In the court, the judge patiently listened to both sides of the story and said, "I believe you both. Justice is possible! Merchant, you stated that the purse you lost contained 200 pieces of gold. Well, that's a considerable cost. But the purse the beggar found had only 100 pieces of gold. Therefore, it couldn't be the one you lost."

And, with that, the judge gave the purse and all the golds to the beggar.


Descriptive 

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. 

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people. 


My Cat

Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He walks with pride and grace, performing a dance of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw with the delicacy of a ballet dancer. His pride, however, does not extend to his appearance, for he spends most of his time indoors watching television and growing fat.

He enjoys TV commercials, especially those for Meow Mix and 9 Lives. His familiarity with cat food commercials has led him to reject generic brands of cat food in favor of only the most expensive brands.

Gregory is as finicky about visitors as he is about what he eats, befriending some and repelling others. He may snuggle up against your ankle, begging to be petted, or he may imitate a skunk and stain your favorite trousers. Gregory does not do this to establish his territory, as many cat experts think, but to humiliate me because he is jealous of my friends.

After my guests have fled, I look at the old fleabag snoozing and smiling to himself in front of the television set, and I have to forgive him for his obnoxious, but endearing, habits



Taj Mahal

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.

Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.

The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.


Cleopatra

One of the most famous women in world history was Cleopatra VII. She was the brilliant and beautiful last Pharaoh of Egypt. Historically, she became queen of Egypt in 51 B.C. at the age of eighteen. She was a Ptolemy, descended from one of Alexander the Great's generals. When she was twenty-one, Julius Caesar became her lover. Seven years later she met Antony. The romantic tragic relationship continued until they died by suicide in 30 B.C.

Cleopatra was legendary. She was famous not only for her breathtaking beauty but also for her great intellect. She had brown eyes and they were shaped like cat eyes. Her skin was in fact an olive shade, darker than Hollywood actress Liz Taylor who potrayed her in the film 'Cleopatra' in 1963. She had medium dark brown hair, about to the middle of her shoulder blades. She had a reputation as an extraordinarily sensuous woman.

Cleopatra was a woman of remarkable poise and unusual intelligence. She was highly educated. She spoke proficiently in nine languages and also skilled in mathematics. She is often considered to be a stunning seductress though she was studying to be a nun. Cleopatra was a very intelligent queen and a politician with a great charisma.




Expository

A disease that causes chronic gastrological disorders, IBD, is envisioned in a spectrum of severities. Cats can vomit heavily, and suffer from continuous diarrhea. Reasons for the disease are yet unknown. Bacterial infections, gastrological irritation, lack of vitamins are often quoted as factors contributing to the development of the disease. Veterinarians, treating IBD in cats, usually prescribe medicine and advice on the dietary management as well as make surgical choices. If untreated, IBD, can be fatal for cats. Research - conducted mostly by pet owners - shows that a cat’s diet can be critical. Further research will include inspection of several vaccines. So far, grain-free, raw meat diet has already proved to be largely beneficial









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